Glucosamine

The glucosamine is a aminozucchero which is found in chitin in glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans.
From the biochemical point of view, the glucosamine is a substance naturally present in the involved in the metabolism of glycoproteins (or proteoglycans) which are the basic substances in the extra-cellular matrix of connective tissue. The proteoglycans are composed of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans or GAG. The GAG include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatansolfato, cheratansolfato, heparin and eparansolfato. All GAG containing derivatives of glucosamine or galattosamina. Derivatives are glucosamine hyaluronic in acido in cheratansolfato and in eparansolfato, while chondroitin sulfate contains derivatives galattosamina.
The GAG chains are essential components of aggrecani who are in the articular cartilage and that confer the properties of shock absorption. The acting aggrecani cartilage providing a blowing pressure is kept under control by the forces tensive collagen fibers. This balance gives the articular cartilage the deformable resistance is necessary for its function.

The specific action of glucosamine in the form of food supplement have yet to be verified, however, seems to play an important role in promoting and maintaining the structure and function of cartilage in joints, as well as having a possible anti-inflammatory action.

In the early stages of degenerative disorders of the joints, there is usually an increase in the biosynthesis of aggrecani. However, in subsequent stages synthesis decreases, leading to possible loss of strength of cartilage and many of the symptoms that accompany osteoarthritis.
During the progression of osteoartrite, an integration of glucosamine may have a beneficial role. But beware: not all glucosamine are the same. We can find on the market at least three types: the n-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG), the hydrochloric glucosamine (GHCL) and glucosamine sulfate. The latter was the subject of studies published in the American Journal of Natural Medicine as it relates to its effectiveness in at least 20 experiments. Other studies have shown that glucosamine sulfate is absorbed by about 90% in any form is administered, intermuscolare or orally.
From experiments in vitro was documented condrociti that synthesize more aggrecani when the culture is supplemented with glucosamine. Also, in laboratory tests, the glucosamine has shown antioxidant activity and beneficial for arthritis.
Two recent tests have indicated that glucosamine may be useful in the treatment of osteoarthritis. The 13 studies that make up this analysis (conducted using the 6 and 7, the glucosamine chondroitin sulfate), led to positive results in cases of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee, an improvement of 39.5% with the administration of glucosamine and of 40.2% with that of chondroitin sulfate.
An experimental study has also recently reported the significant effect of a combination of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate *: The combination was more effective than the use of each substance alone in inibire the progression of degenerative cartilage lesions. However, are still necessary clinical long course in order to confirm or disprove this effect.

A study of long-term effects of glucosamine on osteoarthritis found that glucosamine may stop the progression of joint damage and reduce the symptoms of individuals suffering from osteoarthritis of the knees. From a radiological study, showed that glucosamine has proven effective in limiting the phenomenon of reduction of space: patients treated with the molecule, after 3 years of administration, did not show an average reduction of space, compared to a decrease of 0.31 mm in humans which has been administered a placebo.

On the other hand, the fact that glucosamine is to help in osteoarthritis is probably not so surprising when one considers that glucosamine is a substance that is crucial in the construction of GAG in articular cartilage. A reduced content of GAG in the cartilage matrix osteoartitica corresponds to the gravity of osteoartrite. From laboratory studies showed how the administration of oral glucosamine might be able to push to secrete more condroiciti GAG.


Glucosamine

Main actions:
reduces inflammation and pain
inhibits the synthesis of nitrous oxide to nitrogen
fights free radicals
acting on the cartilage
acting in trauma involving a change in the metabolism of cartilage
favors the establishment of sulfur
lubricates the joints
Main uses: osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, diseases of cartilage
Standard Dosage: 1500 mg per day

Contraindications:
None known.

In any case:
Glucosamine may increase insulin resistance. We recommend closer monitoring for diabetics.
Due to insufficient data on possible side effects, you should avoid taking glucosamine during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
May cause slight gastrointestinal disturbances if taken in high doses.
Interaction with drugs: May increase insulin resistance


Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphate

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are used in Europe for over twenty years as an adjuvant to traditional treatment of osteoarthritis in both men and animals.
These substances are considered nutrient content in most foods and numbered in the same class of vitamins.

Glucosamine and chondroitin are substances that are normally found in humans and animals live and their highest concentration is found in cartilage.
The body in good health synthesizes glucose and through biochemical reactions obtained glucosamine that needs to maintain the bodily functions of cartilage. About 90% of the ingested glucosamine sulfate is absorbed; of this, the 8-12% is distributed in tissues, 20-30% is excreted in the urine and the remainder is eliminated as carbon dioxide. The metabolic fate of chondroitin sulfate is less happy because it is absorbed only 10% of ingested.
In the elderly, or if there is a damage to the articular cartilage, the body is unable to synthesize enough glucosamine to all physiological needs. In these cases it is explicitly required the addition of an extra dose from the outside, as compensation for this metabolic imbalance.

The mechanism of action of these substances is not clear, however, is assumed to act by inhibiting lysosomal enzymes (enzymes that destroy cartilage) and stimulating the synthesis of proteoglycans. Some studies have investigated the effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on more than 4000 subjects. If we were to compare the classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such substances are of undisputed advantages, having equal efficacy but lower toxicity, some studies suggest the effects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosammina persist for a period is 4 weeks after discontinuation of administration.

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